GeoIP Release Notes

December 5, 2024

On Tuesday, December 10th, 2024, we will be updating a number of networks in the Eastern United States that were formerly serviced by CenturyLink and are now serviced by Brightspeed. For these networks, the ISP name will change from CenturyLink to Brightspeed. This is an expected change that reflects a change in internet service provider for these users.

This change will be reflected in the following products and services:

  • GeoIP Enterprise database
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service

Upcoming changes to ISP names

December 4, 2024

We are updating several ISP names in our data to match their current naming and branding conventions. We expect to release these changes in new database updates and web service requests beginning Tuesday, December 17, 2024.

Current ISP name in MaxMind dataUpdated ISP name in MaxMind data
T-Mobile NetherlandsOdido
Wave BroadbandAstound Broadband
Wana Corporateinwi
U Mobile Sdn BhdU Mobile
Mobilink Mobile InternetJazz
JCOM Co.J:COM
Atlas Networks CorporationAtlas Networks
Virgin Mobile DSLVirgin Plus
Digi TVDigi Hungary
BezekBezeq
NetCologne GmbHNetCologne
Grande CommunicationsAstound Broadband

These changes will be reflected in the following products and services:

  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Connection Type database
  • GeoIP Enterprise database

Several Spectrum Business networks reclassified

December 3, 2024

In databases released today, Tuesday, December 3, 2024, we are updating a large number of Spectrum Business networks to be classified as Spectrum residential networks. For these networks, the ISP name will change from Spectrum Business to Spectrum. This change has been reviewed, and is accurate.

This change will be reflected in the following products and services:

  • GeoIP Enterprise database
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service
  • minFraud Factors web service
  • minFraud Insights web service

Updated MySQL tutorial

December 2, 2024

On November 27, 2024, we updated our tutorial on importing the CSV version of MaxMind databases to MySQL to address an issue in which some IPv4 and IPv6 addresses could overlap.

Our updated tutorial includes new instructions for querying the resulting MySQL tables in order to account for this possibility.

If you used a previous version of this tutorial, it is recommended that you consult the updated version. You can get a list of the updated sections in the alert at the top of the updated tutorial, or you can view the change on Github.

Updated ISP and Organization name for Dish Wireless

November 26, 2024

On November 29, 2024, we will update the ISP and Organization name for the American telecommunications and wireless company Dish Wireless. The current ISP and Organization name is Dish-wireless. Beginning on November 29, 2024, the ISP and Organization name will be set to Boost Mobile.

The following products and services will be affected:

  • GeoIP Enterprise database
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service

Upcoming changes to ISP names

November 15, 2024

We are updating several ISP names in our data to match their current naming and branding conventions. We expect to release these changes in new database updates and web service requests beginning Tuesday, November 26, 2024.

Current ISP name in MaxMind dataUpdated ISP name in MaxMind data
Altibox ASAltibox
UPC PolskaPlay Broadband
Telekom Srbijamts Serbia
US CellularUScellular
Cincinnati Bellaltafiber
Digi MalaysiaCelcomDigi
Liberty Cablevision of Puerto RicoLiberty PR
Philippine Long Distance TelephonePLDT
Celcom Axiata BerhadCelcomDigi
LG DACOM CorporationLG Uplus
ARTERIA Networks CorporationARTERIA Networks
Atlantic Metro Communications365 Data Centers

These changes will be reflected in the following products and services:

  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Connection Type database
  • GeoIP Enterprise database

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report November 2024

November 14, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (November 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of November as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

* In this month’s update, a large number of geoname IDs have been updated for Brazil and the United States.

Postal code data now available for Indonesia and Vietnam

November 1, 2024

The postal code associated with the IP address is now returned for the countries of Indonesia and Vietnam.

Learn more about postal code data on our Knowledge Base.

Improvement to subdivision confidence factors

October 23, 2024

Beginning on November 5, 2024, we will be releasing an improvement to confidence factors.

What’s changing?

  • Around 15% of networks will have updated level 1 subdivision confidence factors. New values should be more accurate than previous values.
  • We will now include level 2 subdivision confidence factors in the GeoIP Insights web service and the MMDB format of the GeoIP Enterprise database.

What should I do?

  • If you are a GeoIP Enterprise database user and you use subdivision confidence to make decisions, you may want to test the new confidence factors released in the databases on November 5, 2024 and make adjustments to your thresholds before putting them into production.
  • If you are GeoIP Enterprise database user and you use the MMDB database format, you may want to update your integration to look at level 2 subdivision confidence data.
  • If you are a GeoIP Insights web service user and you use subdivision confidence to make decisions, you may want to monitor your application starting on November 5, 2024 and make adjustments to thresholds as necessary.

Updated ISP and Organization name for Free Mobile SAS

October 18, 2024

On October 22, 2024, we will update the ISP and Organization name for the French telecommunications company Free Mobile SAS. The current ISP and Organization name is Free Mobile SAS. Beginning on October 22, 2024, the ISP and Organization name will be set to Free Mobile.

The following products and services will be affected:

  • GeoIP Enterprise database
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service

Updated ISP and Organization name for OVH

October 16, 2024

On October 18, 2024 we will update the ISP and Organization name for OVH, a large hosting provider. The current ISP and Organization name is OVH SAS. Beginning on October 18, 2024, the ISP and Organization name will be set to OVHcloud.

The following products and services will be affected:

  • GeoIP Enterprise database
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service

Update to several ISP names

October 15, 2024

On October 15, 2024 we will update several ISP names to remove various business tags, such as LTDA, S.R.L., CA, SAC, and more.

The following ISP names will be updated:

Current ISP name in MaxMind dataUpdated ISP name in MaxMind data
Liberty Networks De Colombia S.a.sLiberty Networks De Colombia
Hs Networks SASHs Networks
Nubilum Soluciones Integrales SASNubilum Soluciones Integrales
A & D For Cable Television In The Southern Peru SacA & D For Cable Television In The Southern Peru
Global Fiber Perú S.a.c.Global Fiber Perú
Red Amones S.a.c.Red Amones
Net Group-chile LtdaNet Group-chile
Internet Solutions Network Peru SacInternet Solutions Network Peru
HostDime.com.mx de C.V.HostDime.com.mx
Onfiber De CvOnfiber
Pit Colombia SASPit Colombia
Pit Honduras S. De R.l. De C.v.Pit Honduras S. De R.l.

The following products and services will be affected:

  • GeoIP Enterprise database
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report October 2024

October 11, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (October 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of October as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

* In this month’s update, a large number of geoname IDs have been updated for Brazil.

Upcoming improvements to user count data

October 9, 2024

On Tuesday, October 22, 2024, we will release an improvement to our user count data to better detect IPs with multiple end users.

Many IP addresses with multiple end users that previously had a user count value of 0 or 1 will now have a value of 2.

If you have applications of the data that rely on user count values with a threshold of 0, 1, or 2, you may want to increase the thresholds by 1. For example, if you currently consider user count values of greater than 1 to be high volume, you may wish to consider user count values of greater than 2 to be high volume when this update goes live.

The following services will be impacted:

  • GeoIP Insights web service

Learn more about user count data on our Knowledge Base.

Submit a support ticket request if you have questions or concerns.

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report September 2024

September 10, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (September 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of September as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

* In this month’s update, a large number of geoname IDs have been updated for Brazil.

Improved confidence factor scores

August 16, 2024
On September 3, 2024, we will be releasing a significant improvement to our geolocation confidence factors. This improvement will impact around 30% of the networks in the GeoIP Insights web service and the GeoIP Enterprise database.

Increase in geolocation database sizes

August 13, 2024

Our IP geolocation databases released on Tuesday, August 13, 2024 will be significantly larger than our last release.

This increase in size is due to a new data source providing improved geolocation resolution for a large number of networks in Germany and Finland.

The following databases will be affected:

  • GeoIP City database
  • GeoIP Enterprise database
  • GeoLite City database

Off-schedule release for the GeoIP City, GeoIP Country, and GeoIP Enterprise databases

August 12, 2024

Today, we are issuing an off-schedule release of the following GeoIP databases:

  • GeoIP City database
  • GeoIP Country database
  • GeoIP Enterprise database

We are correcting country-level information for a small number of networks associated with Microsoft Teams.

Updated postal codes for some cities in Portugal

August 12, 2024

We are updating postal code data for the following major cities in Portugal:

  • Amadora
  • Portoand
  • Vila Nova De Gaia

When an IP address is geolocated to any of these cities, the last three digits of the postal code will be set to 001. This change will be implemented over time, with some networks being updated starting on Tuesday, August 13, 2024, and more networks to follow.

The last three digits of postal codes are used in larger cities to provide geolocation information that is more specific than our underlying data allows for, so these digits will be set to 001. In more rural areas, the last three digits will be maintained.

The changes will be reflected in the following products and services:

  • GeoIP Enterprise database
  • GeoIP City database
  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service
  • minFraud Insights web service
  • minFraud Factors web service
  • GeoLite City database
  • GeoLite City web service

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report August 2024

August 12, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (August 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of August as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

Canceled release for GeoLite City and GeoLite Country databases

August 2, 2024
The GeoLite City and GeoLite Country databases will not be released today, Friday August 2. We expect the databases to have an updated release on Tuesday, August 6.

MCC/MNC data available again in GeoIP ISP and Enterprise databases

July 26, 2024
The corrected GeoIP ISP and Enterprise databases have been released, and the Mobile Country Codes (MCC) and Mobile Network Codes (MNC) data is now available.

Missing MCC/MNC data in GeoIP ISP and Enterprise databases

July 26, 2024

The Mobile Country Codes (MCC) and Mobile Network Codes (MNC) data is missing from the GeoIP ISP and Enterprise databases.

We expect to release a corrected build within a few hours.

Off-schedule release for the GeoIP2 City and GeoIP2 Country databases

July 23, 2024

Today, we are issuing an off-schedule release of the following GeoIP databases:

  • GeoIP2 City database
  • GeoIP2-Country database

We are reverting changes for a few IPv6 networks that are not currently in use on the internet.

Increase in the number of English place names with non-ASCII characters in GeoIP® products and services

July 10, 2024

You will now see an increase in the number of English place names with accented characters in GeoIP products and services. Previously, we were using the ASCII-only version of the names.

Non-ASCII characters may contain diacritics, accents and other marks. For example:

UnicodeASCII
La BasséeLa Bassee

You may see English place names with non-ASCII characters in all products and services that contain geolocation data, including:

  • GeoIP Insights, City Plus, and Country web services
  • GeoIP Enterprise, City, and Country databases
  • minFraud Insights and Factors web services
  • GeoLite City and Country web services
  • GeoLite City and Country databases

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report July 2024

July 8, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (July 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of July as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

Upcoming changes to ISP names

June 27, 2024

We are updating several ISP names in our data. We expect to release these changes in new database updates and web service requests beginning Friday, July 12, 2024.

There are two kinds of changes to expect.

First, we will update several popular ISP names to match their current naming and branding conventions:

Current ISP name in MaxMind dataUpdated ISP name in MaxMind data
Korea TelecomKT
Telecom ItaliaTIM
Telecom Italia MobileTIM Mobile
SaudiNetstc Saudi
Lg PowercommLG Uplus
Versatel Deutschland1&1 Versatel
Telefonica O2 UKO2 UK
INDOSAT Internet Network ProviderIndosat
Telefonica del PeruMovistar Peru
TDC DanmarkTDC Net
T-mobile PolskaT-Mobile Polska
Atlantic BroadbandBreezeline
Vodafone New ZealandOne NZ

Second, we will be updating the ISP name for a number of AT&T networks. About 1,000 (0.003%) AT&T networks in the United States will have an updated ISP name, either AT&T Internet or AT&T Wireless.

Updated AT&T networks will have corresponding updates to their connection_type value as well. For most networks, this will mean:

Updated ISP nameUpdated connection type
AT&T InternetCable/DSL
AT&T WirelessCellular

Please note that some AT&T networks may not have the corresponding connection type, because connection type values are dependent on additional signals.

These changes will be reflected in the following products and services:

  • GeoIP Insights web service
  • GeoIP City Plus web service
  • GeoIP ISP database
  • GeoIP Connection Type database
  • GeoIP Enterprise database

Change to GeoLite2 ASN update schedule

June 18, 2024
The GeoLite2 ASN database will now be updated on a daily cadence instead of every Tuesday and Friday.

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report June 2024

June 10, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (June 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of June as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report May 2024

May 9, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (May 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of May as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

* In this month’s update, a large number of geoname IDs have been updated for Mexico.

Upcoming changes to our TLS certificates may impact customers with unusual server configuration

April 8, 2024

Starting in May, Let’s Encrypt will no longer use a cross-signed root certificate, and the primary TLS certificate handling the *.maxmind.com domains will be impacted by this change.

Most customers will see no impact from this change.

This change should only be of concern if the servers interacting with MaxMind domains are running a very old or out of date operating system, or if you manage your own local Certificate Authority store.

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report April 2024

April 4, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (April 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of April as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

* In this month’s update, a large number of cities in Slovenia have improved place names. A large number of geoname IDs have been updated for Brazil.

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report March 2024

March 18, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (March 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of March as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

* In this month’s update a large number of cities in Israel have improved place names.

In 2020, Norway merged a number of their subdivisions, but this proved unpopular and they have now unmerged these subdivisions. We have used the ISO subdivision codes for these subdivisions from before the 2020 change. The ISO subdivision codes we will be using for these subdivisions are reflected in this diff report.

API policies are now permanently enforced

March 13, 2024

To improve our server infrastructure and allow for better performance and efficiency, our API policies are now being permanently enforced as of March 13, 2024.

What are the policies?

  • MaxMind only accepts API and database download requests sent with the more secure HTTPS protocol.
  • MaxMind only accepts API and database download requests that are sent to the appropriate hostname as documented in the integration instructions on our Developer Portal (see direct links below).

What do I need to do? If you download GeoIP or GeoLite databases and you use an up to date version of our geoipupdate program, you do not need to take any action.

If you are using web services, or if you do direct downloads of GeoIP or GeoLite databases, you should ensure that you are using the correct hostname for your API requests, and that you are using HTTPS. Failure to do so will result in web service or database download requests failing.

You can view the appropriate URIs for GeoIP and GeoLite services and downloads on our Developer Portal using the links below:

Please note: This enforcement also affects minFraud API requests. If you are also a minFraud user, see our minFraud release note on this issue.

No GeoNames Monthly Diff Report for February 2024

February 13, 2024

Due to irregularities in the latest GeoNames data, we will be maintaining the location names and codes from January. See the Monthly Diff Report for January 2024.

When the irregularities in the GeoNames data are resolved, we will update the data and post a new Diff Report.

API policies - temporary enforcement on February 7, 2024

January 25, 2024

To improve our server infrastructure and allow for better performance and efficiency, MaxMind will begin enforcing our policies around our API and database download requests March 13, 2024. To help customers get ready for this change, we will have a planned, temporary enforcement of these policies on February 7, 2024.

What are the policies?

  • MaxMind will only accept API and database download requests sent with the more secure HTTPS protocol.
  • MaxMind will only accept API and database download requests that are sent to the appropriate hostname as documented in the integration instructions on our Developer Portal (see direct links below).

What do I need to do? If you download GeoIP or GeoLite databases and you use an up to date version of our geoipupdate program, you do not need to take any action.

If you are using web services, or if you do direct downloads of GeoIP or GeoLite databases, you should ensure that you are using the correct hostname for your API requests, and that you are using HTTPS, prior to February 7, 2024.

If you have not made the requested changes before Wednesday, February 7, 2024, you might experience a period where web service or database download requests fail.

You can view the appropriate URIs for GeoIP and GeoLite services and downloads on our Developer Portal using the links below:

Please note: This enforcement will also affect minFraud API requests. If you are also a minFraud user, see our minFraud release note on this issue..

Presigned URLs for database downloads

January 17, 2024

We will begin using R2 presigned URLs for all database downloads in order to increase the security and reliability of our services. Database download links and integration methods will not be changing.

What do I need to do?

MaxMind users who download databases should make sure that their HTTP client follows redirects and there are no proxy or firewall settings that would block requests to the host we are redirecting to. We will redirect requests using HTTPS on the following hostname:

  • mm-prod-geoip-databases.a2649acb697e2c09b632799562c076f2.r2.cloudflarestorage.com

If you use a direct-download method (most CSV downloaders):

The permalinks for downloading databases will not be changing. You will be redirected from those permalinks to the R2 presigned URLs.

If you use geoipupdate (most MMDB downloaders):

We will be releasing a new major version that uses redirecting links. You can test your server configuration by updating to this new major version in a controlled environment before updating your version on production.

If you download directly from the account portal:

Check your firewall and browser security settings if you get errors when trying to download.

If you need more help:

Review our documentation on how to update and download databases.

Anycast flag available for CSV format databases

January 17, 2024

The Anycast data point is now available in all CVS format databases—and, as announced in a prior release note, it’s also available in all GeoIP web services and all MMDB format databases.

In most cases, the addition of a new field to CSV databases should be a non-breaking change, but we recommend checking your integration to make sure that it can accommodate the addition of new fields.

The field is present in the following GeoIP databases:

  • GeoIP Country database
  • GeoIP City database
  • GeoIP Enterprise database

GeoLite databases

The Anycast field has also been added to the CSV version of GeoLite geolocation databases, but the new field is intentionally blank. This allows the GeoIP databases to continue to be drop-in replacements for GeoLite databases, so that it’s easy to upgrade.

The field is present in the following GeoLite databases:

  • GeoLite Country database
  • GeoLite City database

Confirming your integration allows for new data points

The new field has been added to the Blocks CSV files: {GeoIP2,GeoLite2}-{Enterprise,City,Country}-Blocks-IPv4.csv and {GeoIP2,GeoLite2}-{Enterprise,City,Country}-Blocks-IPv6.csv

The new field name, is_anycast, has been added to the right of existing fields and the cell will either contain 1 (if the network is an Anycast network) or be blank (if it is not). The overwhelming majority of networks are not Anycast, and so this field will be blank in most cases.

If you’re not sure whether you’re using the MMDB format, the CSV format, or both, you can learn how to check your account’s database download history to determine whether you are downloading CSV files.

Please use the following example CSV files to test your integration:

We have also updated our tutorials on importing GeoIP databases. Please see relevant links below:

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report January 2024

January 8, 2024

GeoNames Monthly Diff Report (January 2024)

GeoIP2 and GeoLite2 databases incorporate GeoNames geographical data, which is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Monthly updates to GeoNames data are incorporated into our databases as we refresh them. Above you will find a CSV report of these changes as they apply to English place names for the month of January as they relate to the following fields:

  • geoname_id
  • country_name
  • country_code
  • city_name
  • subdivision_1_iso_code
  • subdivision_2_iso_code

Note that the values for the old_ and new_ columns for a given field only differ for the field defined in the diff_in column.

* In this month’s update a large number of cities in Argentina have improved place names.